Appendix 3: References | Diversity in the Orchestra Field 2023

• BoardSource. (2021): Leading With Intent: BoardSource Index of Nonprofit Board Practices.
• Deemer, R. Ph.D. and Meals, C., Ph.D. (2022): 2022 Orchestra Repertoire Report. Institute for Composer Diversity.
• Doeser, J (2016): Racial/Ethnic and Gender Diversity in the Orchestra Field. League of American Orchestras.
• Flagg, A. (2020): Anti-Black Discrimination in American Orchestras. Symphony.
• Hernández, Javier C (2021): Asians are Represented in Classical Music. But are they seen? The New York Times, published July 21, 2021.
• OPERA America (2022): Field-Wide Opera Demographic Report 2021.
• National Endowment for the Arts Office of Research and Analysis (2022): Artists in the Workforce: Selected Demographic Characteristics Prior to COVID‐19.
• Pew Research Center (2022): About 5% of young adults in the U.S. say their gender is different from their sex assigned at birth.
• Rabkin and Hairston O’Connell (2016): Forty Years of Fellowships: A Study of Orchestras’ Efforts to Include African American and Latino Musicians. Commissioned by the League of American Orchestras.
• The White House Project (2009): Benchmarking Women’s Leadership.
• Tommasini, A. (2020): To Make Orchestras More Diverse, End Blind Auditions. The New York Times, published July 16, 2020; updated August 6, 2021.
• Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021.
• Orchestra Facts 2006-2014: A Study of Orchestra Finances and Operations. Commissioned by the League of American Orchestras.
• Musicians on How to Bring Racial Equity to Auditions. The New York Times, published September 10, 2020.
• Yoshihara, Mari (2021): Anti-Asian Discrimination in American Orchestras. Symphony.

Jump to another page:

• Introduction
• Overview
• Key Findings
• Recommendations
• Definitions
• Technical Notes
• Detailed Analysis 1: By Orchestra Role (see full PDF)
• Detailed Analysis 2: By Demographic Group (see full PDF)
• Detailed Analysis 3: By Role and Budget Size (see full PDF)
• Detailed Analysis 4: Focus on the Pandemic Years (see full PDF)
• Appendix 1: Methodology
• Appendix 2: Stories of Progress in Orchestras
• Appendix 3: References
• Acknowledgements

This project was supported in part by an award from the Research Grants in the Arts program at the National Endowment for the Arts, Grant #1863433-38-20. Additional funding was provided by a generous grant from the Mellon Foundation, and by public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council.